Metro-logy: Introduction, Types and History

     Metro-logy is defined as "the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology". It establishes a common understanding of units, crucial to human activity.

There are three types of Metrology:

• Scientific Metrology
• Applied, Technical or Industrial Metrology
• Legal Metrology 

Scientific (fundamental) metrology

     Scientific or fundamental metrology concerns the setting of measurement standards and the establishment of units of measurement, unit systems and quantity systems. Additionally, scientific metrology involves the development of new methods of measuring as well as the transfer of tractability from the standards to users.

Applied, technical or industrial metrology

     Industrial metrology is the area of metrology science. Applied, technical or industrial metrology involves the application of measurement science to industrial processes including manufacturing. Additionally, industrial metrology ensures the suitability and adequate functioning of measurement instruments, their calibration and quality control of measurements.

Legal metrology

     Defined by the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) as “the application of legal requirements to measurements and measuring instruments”, legal metrology ensures the accuracy and reliability of measurements where measured values can affect health, public safety, the environment and the protection of consumers and fair trade. 

THE HISTORY OF METROLOGY FROM GALILEO TO OPTICAL SYSTEMS

     Metrology originates from antiquity. The first forms of measurements were established to facilitate commerce and record human activity. Time, weight and length were the first standards formulated. Over the course of history, dimensional metrology went through several evolution.

Before 1789 (KING’S FOOT)

     Scientists estimate that thousands of different measurement units are used across Europe. Among them figure the pied duroi (the king’s foot), which has a degree of pre-eminence. Nevertheless, many traders have their own measuring tools, giving scope for frauds, extortions, and misrepresentations. It is not until the establishment of the metric system that we started to see harmonization in measurements.

1795 (METRIC SYSTEM)

     The French Revolutionary government introduces the metric system, now known as the International System of Units. One meter was preliminary defined as one ten millionth of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator crossing through Paris. Of course, the meter definition has evolved over the centuries, but is still considered today as the length reference to which every measuring tool refers.

1840 (PHOTOGRAMMETRY)

     The first use of photogrammetry appears shortly after the emergence of photography. The credit goes to French geodesist, François Arago. He presents to the Academy of Science, a method using triangulation. This technology enables him to determine the position of objects in space based on photographs taken from different viewing angles, without knowing the position of the shots beforehand.

1848 (SYSTEM PALMER) 

     French inventor J. Palmer receives a patent for the ‘System Palmer’, the first micrometre still recognizable today with its U-shaped frame. Modern micrometres closely follow the System Palmer’s basic design of a U-shaped frame, thimble, sleeve, spindle, anvil, etc. Besides, all micrometres and other hand tools must still be traceable to the International Standard.

1887 (MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER) 

     American Physicist Albert A. Michelson thought detection of motion through ether might be measurable. To do so, he invents a new instrument called the interferometer. The results he obtains during his experiments prove there is no earth motion relative to ether. This proof changes the foundation of physics and leads to Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity in 1905.

1960 (CMM)

     The Coordinate Measuring Machine first appears in the early 60s and is made of 3D tracing devices with a simple digital readout (DRO) displaying the XYZ position. The initial CMM was developed by the Ferranti Company in Scotland during the 50s. This unit, however, had only two axis. The very first three-axis prototypes arrive during the 1960s and are invented by the Italian company DEA (now part of the Hexagon Metrology Group).

Soon afterwards, automated CMMs appear in the 60s to perform complex inspections of Concorde supersonic jet engines. This invention leads to the creation of the Renishaw Company in 1973, now the main supplier of CMM measuring heads.

1980 (PORTABLE CMM) 

     Portable CMMs with measuring arms arrive in the 80s, revolutionizing the measurement process: it is now possible to bring metrology tools to the production floor. This innovation eliminates the need to move manufactured parts to a dedicated, controlled environment. However, because measuring arms use a classic technology based solely on precision mechanical parts, these portable CMMs remain very sensitive to vibrations and instabilities induced by the environment. Therefore, considerable precautions are required when operating them.

1985 (3D SCANNER) 

     Although the first 3D scanners were developed in the 60s, it is not until 1985 that the laser technology is applied to 3D scanning. Prior, the 3D scanning models used lights, cameras and projectors to perform a scan. However, a lot of time and effort was required to scan objects accurately. Scanners built after 1985 use white light, lasers and shadowing to capture a given surface.

1987 (LASER TRACKER) 

     The first laser tracker prototype is developed by Dr. Kam Lau in 1986. One year later, Dr. Lau founds his company called Automated Precision Inc. that will refine tracking technology, which leads to building models with greater precision and portability. Laser trackers are still the leading solution for measuring parts of large dimensions (e.g. aircraft wings, auto frames, or large tooling). Nevertheless, for high volume measurement, they compete against another technology: photogrammetry.

2000 (OPTICAL PORTABLE CMM)

     Optical portable CMMs arrive in the metrology landscape at the beginning of the millennium. They bring together the flexibility and effectiveness of CMMs, the portability and simplicity of portable CMM, with an extra—optical portable CMMs are insensitive to vibrations, making them perfectly adapted to shop-floor measurements. The technology has seen many improvements and developments during the past years, to the point where they now compete with CMMs. They are now integrated into the inspection process and even manage to challenge the metrology market.

     As a CAD Designer science of measurement is the very core of us, and this is very necessary to understand the concept of metrology. It is used to design the conditions for observation of a phenomenon, to build and qualify the instruments required for its observation and to determine whether the results obtained are significant. Rock dating, characterisation of gravitational fields, determination of certain chemical or physical constants all involve measurement activities. Measurement enables our industries to be innovating and competitive, Competitiveness involves quality, which is the ability of a product to meet consumer and user requirements, and which involves all types of measurement in order to study and satisfy customer expectations. Quality can be demonstrated to customers through certification, itself based on measurements.

3DS Max 2013

·      What Is 3Ds Max

• Autodesk 3ds Max, formerly 3D Studio Max, is 3D computer graphics software for making 3D animations, models, and images. It was developed and produced by Autodesk.
•  It has modeling capabilities, a flexible plug-in architecture
  It is frequently used by video game developers, TV commercial studios and architectural visualization studios. It is also used for movie effects and movie pre-visualization.

Facabook Page

·      Description

·                     3ds Max has also been used in the development of 3D computer graphics for a number of video           games.

·                      Architectural and engineering design firms use 3ds Max for developing concept                                   art and previsualization.

·                Educational programs at secondary and tertiary level use 3ds Max in their courses on 3D computer graphics and computer animation.

·         Students in the first competition for 3d animation are known to use 3ds Max.

·      Introduction to 3ds Max
History

·                         1990 On Halloween, Autodesk releases 3D Studio, the first affordable (and integrated) 3D                   modeling, rendering and animation system for the PC.1992 Autodesk releases 3D Studio                      R2.In future R3, R4 Etc.

·                            In 2002 Autodesk releases 3ds max 5.In the next years max 6, max 7 released.

·                            In 2007 version name is Autodesk 3ds max 2008.At that time we worked on 3ds max 2012                   and 2018.

·      Features

• ·         Character Studio
• ·         Scene Explorer
• ·         DWG import
• ·         Texture assignment
• ·         General key framing
• ·         Architecture 3D modeling with realistic render images.

·      Advantages

The main advantages of 3Ds Max  are:

• ·         Save time and money and reduce errors with the dynamic engineering model.
• ·         Increase value to client by delivering more design alternatives in less time.
• ·         Clearly communicate design intent and complete final proposals with realistic 3D rendering.
• ·         Complete projects faster and reduce the chance of coordination errors.
• ·         Easy to transfer the file and accepted to many more other software of CAM.
• ·         Show different area of one model.
• ·         We can present walkthrough video of our modal.
• ·         Caddy Improvements.

·      Industry usage

·         Many recent films have made use of 3ds Max, or previous versions of the program under previous names, in CGI animation, such as Avatar and 2012

·         3ds Max has also been used in the development of 3D computer graphics for a number of video games.

·         Architectural and engineering design firms use 3ds Max for developing concept art and pre –visualization

Light

What is light?

Light, electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. There are many sources of light. A body at a given temperature emits a characteristic spectrum of black-body radiation. A simple thermal source is sunlight , the radiation emitted by the Chromosphere of the Sun at around 6,000 kelvins (5,730 degrees Celsius; 10,340 degrees Fahrenheit) peaks in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when plotted in wavelength units and roughly 44% of sunlight energy that reaches the ground is visible.Another example is incandescent light bulbs, which emit only around 10% of their energy as visible light and the remainder as infrared. A common thermal light source in history is the glowing solid particles in flames, but these also emit most of their radiation in the infrared, and only a fraction in the visible spectrum.

Day lighting

As the Sun crosses the sky, it may appear to be red, orange, yellow or white depending on its position. The changing color of the Sun over the course of the day is mainly a result of scattering of light and is not due to changes in black-body radiation. The blue color of the sky is caused by Rayleigh scattering of the sunlight from the atmosphere, which tends to scatter blue light more than red light..For colors based on black-body theory, blue occurs at higher temperatures, while red occurs at lower, cooler, temperatures. This is the opposite of the cultural associations attributed to colors, in which red represents hot, and blue cold.

History of Lighting

In the beginning, there was light. Everyone knows that part. But how did we learn to control and use it for ourselves? This history highlights several technologies that have been used to produce light: flame from wood, oil and gas; arc or glow from electricity; and the fluorescence of minerals. 

                                                  Sun 

65 million years BC                   Fire 

450 BC                                      Oil Lamp (Egypt) 

1808 AD                                    Carbon Arc Lamp(Davy) 

1879 AD                                    Incandescent Lamp (Edison) 

1906 AD                                    High Pressure Mercury Discharge Lamp 

1910 AD                                    Drawn Tungsten Filament Lamp 

1923 AD                                    Low Pressure Sodium Vapor Lamp 

1924 AD                                    Gas Filled Incandescent Lamp 

1933 AD                                    Fluorescent Discharge Lamp 

1958 AD                                    Laser Beam Light Source 

Carbon-Arc Lamp:- 

Jablochk off electric arc light. Carbons are side-by-side, separated by plaster. Usually, more than one “candle” was placed inside a diffusing globe to reduce the glare of the arc and distribute the light uniformly.

Kerosene lamps:- 

Kerosene lamps of the 19th century. They all used the kerosene burner developed by Michael Dietz in 1868. The “Dietz burner” became a worldwide standard.

Electric incandescent lighting:-

The first commercial incandescent lamps of Joseph Swan (left) and Thomas Edition (right). Swan’s lamp used a cellulose filament and spring-clip mechanism to hold the lamp and deliver electric power. Edison’s used a bamboo filament and a screw base. Edison’s base became a worldwide standard.

Coal gas system:-

Early coal gas system. The gas generator is on the right, showing the retort holding coal and the fire used to heat it. The water scrubber in the middle shows gas being bubbled through water to remove impurities. The storage tank on the left has an inverted cylinder counter-balanced over water. This arrangement provided a more-or-less constant gas pressure at the outlet. On top of the tank are typical, very early gas burners.

Sodium discharge lighting:-

Engineers George Inman and Richard Thayer lead the team at General Electric in Cleveland, Ohio, to develop the fluorescent lamp.

Architectural lighting design:-

It is a field within architecture, interior design and electrical engineering that is concerned with the design of lighting systems, including natural light, electric light, or both, to serve human needs. 

The design process takes account of:

• The kind of human activity for which lighting is to be provided
• The amount of light required
• The color of the light as it may affect the views of particular objects and the environment as a whole
• The distribution of light within the space to be lighted, whether indoor or outdoor
• The effect of the lightened system itself on the user

Importance of Lighting in Interior Design

The lighting in a home changes the mood of a room just as it does the perceived size of a room. Placement and type are important aspects of interior design, and they work in conjunction with color selections, room size, availability of natural light and furniture selection. The elements that come together when the right lighting is achieved transform a room into a seamless combination of functionality and style.

Color Management 

The use of lighting can add to or subtract from the overall colors of a room or from only those surfaces the light is meant to enhance. Darker colors make a room feel smaller and cramped, while light-colored walls do the opposite. The illusion of space is defined by light reflected off of the surfaces of the walls. Some types of lighting help with this illusion by further illuminating the walls. In addition, directional lighting, such as a track light, can soften the wall colors. There is also recessed can lighting, which has a soft, downward glow that illuminates the floors, not walls. This is opposed to lights hung from the center of the room, which provide ambient illumination, or wall lighting. In both cases, this can affect how light or dark a colored section can appear.

Directional Lighting 

The lighting in a room either provides illumination for the entirety of the room, or it highlights very specific elements. Track lighting is the perfect example of positional lighting. Hung from the ceiling, the adjustable necks and lamps can be pointed at specific elements, such as a wall painting, the vase of flowers on an entryway table or the bar top or kitchen island. Consider mounting them on the walls, also. Special picture and mirror frames also have built-in lighting to highlight specific areas on a wall. Recessed lighting can be used in floors and ceilings to create vertical beams of light as opposed to an overall glow from central light fixtures hanging from a ceiling.

Functionality 

One major role of lighting in the interior setting is functionality. Lighting needs to serve a purpose, or it simply wastes electricity. Chandeliers are not only used in large, open foyers, entryways and rooms because of their centrally themed placement but also because they provide excellent illumination for the room. Wall lights add length and size, visually, to an entryway hall, as well as light the way. Consider the style of lighting you want to ensure you get the best directional or luminescent type for the setting. Look into task-specific lighting for desks and other work areas where functionality is more important than overall room illumination.

Space 

Both natural and man-made lighting help with the illusion of space. For a darker room, find ways to bring in more full-spectrum natural light. If the room does not have sufficient lighting, it will feel cramped. This is worsened by close-proximity furniture arrangements, such as coffee table, end table, sofa, chair and love seat combinations in a smaller setting. Corner lamps, wall sconces and centrally hanging lights on the ceiling help brighten a room if natural lighting is not available and help create a visually larger space. This applies to any setting -- home or office. Natural lighting is preferred above man-made lighting because it shows off colors better and adds to the visual space of a room by bouncing off reflective surfaces. Consider skylights or large windows if you want more natural light, or use sheer drapes and curtains to allow the maximum amount of light from your current windows.

Introduction:-

AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. Some time we known as (CADD) .Developed and Authorised by Autodesk .  AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers. Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most commercial CAD programs run on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user) working at a separate graphics terminal.Some of the new features include:

 AutoCAD 2018 (Version 22.0) release date is March 21st 2017. there are bit of changes of the overview work space in this version.

SHX Text Recognition: – Adobe’s PDF file format doesn’t recognize AutoCAD SHX fonts. When a PDF file is created from a drawing, text that was defined with SHX fonts is stored as geometry in the PDF. If the PDF file is then imported into a DWG file, the original SHX text is then imported as geometry and not recognized as text.

In the 2018 release of AutoCAD, we are offered a SHX text recognition tool that enables you to select imported PDF geometry representing SHX text and convert to the necessary text objects. You can access this from the Recognize SHX Text tool (PDFSHXTEXT command) on the Insert ribbon tab.

Quick Access Toolbar – The Layer Control option is now part of the Quick Access Toolbar menu. While it is turned off by default, you can now set it to display in the toolbar along with other tools you frequently use.

Rubber-band Line Color – When moving the cursor between two points within AutoCAD, the rubber-band line will stretch dynamically with the drawing area. The example below shows that this looks like.

With the release of AutoCAD 2018, you can control the color along with other interface elements. You can access this control from the Colors button on the Display tab of the Options dialog box.

    External Reference Path Enhancements:- Save time and minimise frustration with tools to fix broken paths for externally referenced files.Enhancements in AutoCAD 2018 help reduce issues caused by broken reference paths.

 Now, in 2018, you can assign a relative path for a file even when the host drawing is unnamed. If you select the reference file in the External References palette, the Saved Path column displays a full path with an asterisk prefix to indicate a change will take place when saving the host drawing. A property in the Details pane also indicates the reference file is 

    High-Resolution  Monitor Support:- Enjoy the best possible viewing experience ever even on 4K and higher resolution displays.AutoCAD is continuing to improve support for high resolution monitors to ensure the best user experience. User interface elements such as Start tab, Command line, palettes, dialog boxes, toolbars, ViewCube, pick box, and grips are appropriately scaled and displayed.

    Select objects off-screen:-Selected objects stay in the selection set even if you pan or zoom off screen.

   

User interface :- Work intuitively with common dialogue boxes and toolbars.

Share design views :- Publishes design views of your drawing to a secure location for viewing and sharing in a web browser.

AutoCAD mobile app :- View, create, edit and share CAD drawings on your mobile device with the AutoCAD mobile app.AutoCAD Mobile comes with every subscription to AutoCAD. This is great for working on-the-go. You can view, create, edit, and share CAD drawings on a tablet or smartphone, eliminating the need to print drawings to bring to job sites or client visits.

Text to Mtext :- Convert combinations of text and Mtext objects to a single Mtext object.