INTRODUCTION OF PROJECTION SYSTEMS

Engineers are confronted with the task of communicating the design development and structures of machines to manufacturers and builders. The shape and size of various parts of machine and its structure must be recorded on plan sheets in a systematic way for communication. The pictorial view of the object does not carry all the details especially the inner details and correct shape of complicated parts. Different methods, therefore are implied for describing the exact shape based on the projector drawn by engineers.

PRINCIPLE OF PROJECTION:-

If straight lines are drawn from various point on the contour of an object to meet a plane. The object is said to be projected on that plan. The figure formed by joining in correct sequence the points at which these lines meet the plan is called the projection of the object. The line from the object to the plan are called projectors.

TYPE OF PROJECTION SYSTEMS:-

The projection are classified according to the method of talking the projection on the plan

                                               

(1) PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION: -The perspective projection is the representation of an object on a plan surface called the picture plane as it would appear to the eyes when viewed from a fixed position.

There are three types of perspective projections-

(a) ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE: -A drawing has one-point perspective when it contains only one vanishing point on the horizon line. This type of perspective is typically used for images of roads railway tracks hallways or buildings viewed so that the front is directly facing the viewer.

(b)TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE: - A drawing has two-point perspective when it contains two vanishing points on the horizon line. In an illustration, these vanishing points can be placed arbitrarily along the horizon. Two point perspective can be used to draw the same objects as one-point perspective rotated looking at the corner of a house or at two forked roads shrinking into the distance

 (c)THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE: - Three-point perspective is often used for buildings seen from above or below. In addition to the two vanishing points from before one for each wall there is now one for how the vertical lines of the walls recede. For an object seen from above this third vanishing point is below the ground. For an object seen from below as when the viewer looks up at a tall building the third vanishing point is high in space.

(2)              

                                                    

Parallel Projection: - Parallel projection discards z-coordinate and parallel lines from each vertex on the object are extended until they intersect the view plane. In parallel projection, we specify a direction of projection instead of centre of projection.

There are three types of parallel projections

•                   Oblique Projection: -Oblique projection is a simple type of technical drawing of graphical projection used for producing two-dimensional imagesof three-dimensional objects.Oblique projection is commonly used in technical drawings.

         

There are four types of oblique projections −

(a) Cavalier: - Cavalier projection makes 45° angle with the projection plane. The projection of a line perpendicular to the view plane has the same length as the line itself in Cavalier projection. In a cavalier projection the foreshortening factors for all three principal directions are equal.

(b) Cabinet: - The Cabinet projection makes 63.4° angle with the projection plane. In Cabinet projection, lines perpendicular to the viewing surface are projected at ½ their actual length. Both the projections are shown in the following figure –

(c) Clinoghraphi

(d) Shades and shadows

•                   Orthographic Projection

Orthographic projectionis a means of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. It is a form of parallel projectionin which all the projection lines are orthogonalto theprojection plane resulting in every plane of the scene appearing in affine transformationon the viewing surface.. There are four types of orthographic projections –

FIRST ANGLE: - First Angle Projection is commonly used in all countries other than United States. The Indian Standard Institution recommends the use of First Angle Projection method now in all the institutions.

SECOND ANGLE: - Now after drawing this projection, the horizontal plane is to be rotated 90 degree clockwise. In second and fourth angle projection due to this process horizontal and vertical plane will overlap with each otherthat’s why we can't draw second and fourth angle projection.

THIRD ANGLE:-However America and Australia use a method known as Third Angle ProjectionIn First Angle Projection we place our object in the First Quadrant see above figure. This means that the Vertical Plane is behind the object and the Horizontal Plane is underneath the object In Third Angle Projection the Object is placed in the Third Quadrant. This means that the Vertical Plane is in front of the object and the Horizontal Plane is above the object. To see the effects of this watch the animation below.

•        AXONOMETRIC

(a)ISOMETRIC: -Orthographic projections that show more than one side of an object are called axonometric orthographic projections. The most common axonometric projection is an isometric projection where the projection plane intersects each coordinate axis in the model coordinate system at an equal distance. In this projection parallelism of lines are preserved but angles are not preserved.

(b) DIMETRIC:-the direction of viewing is such that two of the three axes of space appear equally foreshortened of which the attendant scale and angles of presentation are determined according to the angle of viewing; the scale of the third direction (vertical) is determined separately. Approximations are common in diametric drawings.

(c) TRIMETRIC: - direction of viewing is such that all of the three axes of space appear unequally foreshortened. The scale along each of the three axes and the angles among them are determined separately as dictated by the angle of viewing. Approximations in trimetric drawings are common and trimetric perspective is seldom used.

Location: A-170, New Sanganer Rd, Metro Station, Shyam Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302019, India
Call us @ 0141-4028878
  

Introduction, History and Application of Robotics

Introduction

Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.

These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans. Robots can be used in any situation and for any purpose, but today many are used in dangerous environments (including bomb detection and de-activation), manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot survive. Robots can take on any form but some are made to resemble humans in appearance. This is said to help in the acceptance of a robot in certain replicative behaviors usually performed by people. Such robots attempt to replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, and basically anything a human can do. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature, contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.

The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. Throughout history, it has been frequently assumed that robots will one day be able to mimic human behavior and manage tasks in a human-like fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots are built to do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, finding survivors in unstable ruins, and exploring mines and shipwrecks. Robotics is also used in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) as a teaching aid.

History

In 1942, the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov created his Three Laws of Robotics.

In 1948, Norbert Wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics.

Fully autonomous only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Animate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Commercial and industrial robots are widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply, more accurately and more reliably, than humans. They are also employed in some jobs which are too dirty, dangerous, or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging, mining, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, safety, and the mass production of consumer and industrial goods.^[6]

Robotic aspect

Robotic construction

Electrical aspect

A level of programming

There are many types of robots; they are used in many different environments and for many different uses, although being very diverse in application and form they all share three basic similarities when it comes to their construction:

1. Robots all have some kind of mechanical construction, a frame, form or shape designed to achieve a particular task. For example, a robot designed to travel across heavy dirt or mud, might use caterpillar tracks. The mechanical aspect is mostly the creator's solution to completing the assigned task and dealing with the physics of the environment around it. Form follows function.
2. Robots have electrical components which power and control the machinery. For example, the robot with caterpillar tracks would need some kind of power to move the tracker treads. That power comes in the form of electricity, which will have to travel through a wire and originate from a battery, a basic electrical circuit. Even petrol powered machines that get their power mainly from petrol still require an electric current to start the combustion process which is why most petrol powered machines like cars, have batteries. The electrical aspect of robots is used for movement (through motors), sensing (where electrical signals are used to measure things like heat, sound, position, and energy status) and operation (robots need some level of electrical energy supplied to their motors and sensors in order to activate and perform basic operations)
3. All robots contain some level of computer programming code. A program is how a robot decides when or how to do something. In the caterpillar track example, a robot that needs to move across a muddy road may have the correct mechanical construction and receive the correct amount of power from its battery, but would not go anywhere without a program telling it to move. Programs are the core essence of a robot, it could have excellent mechanical and electrical construction, but if its program is poorly constructed its performance will be very poor (or it may not perform at all). There are three different types of robotic programs: remote control, artificial intelligence and hybrid. A robot with remote control programing has a preexisting set of commands that it will only perform if and when it receives a signal from a control source, typically a human being with a remote control. It is perhaps more appropriate to view devices controlled primarily by human commands as falling in the discipline of automation rather than robotics. Robots that use artificial intelligence interact with their environment on their own without a control source, and can determine reactions to objects and problems they encounter using their preexisting programming. Hybrid is a form of programming that incorporates both AI and RC functions.

Applications

As more and more robots are designed for specific tasks this method of classification becomes more relevant. For example, many robots are designed for assembly work, which may not be readily adaptable for other applications. They are termed as "assembly robots". For seam welding, some suppliers provide complete welding systems with the robot i.e. the welding equipment along with other material handling facilities like turntables etc. as an integrated unit. Such an integrated robotic system is called a "welding robot" even though its discrete manipulator unit could be adapted to a variety of tasks. Some robots are specifically designed for heavy load manipulation, and are labelled as "heavy duty robots".

Current and potential applications include:

• Military robots
• Caterpillar plans to develop remote controlled machines and expects to develop fully autonomous heavy robots by 2021.Some cranes already are remote controlled.
• It was demonstrated that a robot can perform a herdingtask.
• Robots are increasingly used in manufacturing (since the 1960s). In the auto industry, they can amount for more than half of the "labor". There are even "lights off" factories such as an IBM keyboard manufacturing factory in Texas that is 100% automated.
• Robots such as HOSPI are used as couriers in hospitals (hospital robot). Other hospital tasks performed by robots are receptionists, guides and porters helpers.
• Robots can serve as waitersand cooks, also at home. Boris is a robot that can load a dishwasher.
• Robot combat for sport – hobby or sport event where two or more robots fight in an arena to disable each other. This has developed from a hobby in the 1990s to several TV series worldwide.
• Cleanup of contaminated areas, such as toxic waste or nuclear facilities.
• Agricultural robots (AgRobots).
• Domestic robots, cleaning and caring for the elderly
• Medical robots performing low-invasive surgery
• Household robots with full use.
• Nano robots
• Swarm robotics

Scope of Robotics

A course in robotics trains and educates a student in the field of artificial intelligence, computer-aided manufacturing, computer integrated manufacturing system, computational geometry, robot motion planning, digital electronics and micro processing. Robotics is an essential component in many modern manufacturing industries. As the industries increases, scope for robotics also increases. Robots are mainly used for carrying materials including heavy parts to and from inconvenient locations and handling hazardous materials like nuclear waste.

Location: A-170, New Sanganer Rd, Metro Station, Shyam Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302019, India
Call us @ 0141-4028878

CATIA V5 INTRODUCTION

Overview

In this introduction of Catia V5 course you will get all the basic information about software and you will able to do basic work on this software after reading this blog. You don’t need any previous knowledge and experience with Catia. And this is great starting point to anyone because this blog covers all the key topics basic introduction like Sketcher Tool, Part Design, Assembly Design, and Drafting. By the end of the Introduction to CATIA Course, you will be familiar with the basic functions of creating parts, drawings, and assemblies in CATIA.

This course will step you through the very basics, including how to navigate and customize the interface, and various tips and tricks to make designing easier.

Learn CATIA by working through a number of hands-on exercises to create and edit sketches, create geometry from scratch, as well as modify existing geometry, create moving assemblies, and create drawings of parts and assemblies.

History

CATIA stands for Computer Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application. The first release of CATIA was back in 1977 by Dassault Systems, who still maintain and develop the software. CATIA was initially developed for use in designing the Dassault Mirage fighter jet.

Over the years, CATIA has developed into much more than a CAD (Computer Aided Design) software package. It is now a software suite which incorporates the following capabilities; CAD, CAM and CAE.

Different types of workbenches

1. Sketcher workbench
2. Part design workbench
3. Wireframe and Surface workbench
4. Assembly design workbench
5. Drafting workbench etc.

1. Sketcher: This module is responsible for the implementation of two-dimensional shapes, in preparation for make a three-dimensional command on it. You can easily specify condition between two created bodies that is constraint. In this workbench you got many tools which help you to make your drawing easier.

2. Part Design: This module Part Design is responsible for converting two-dimensional graphics to three-dimensional objects which is most famous in Catia software and it is closely linked with sketcher module. The part design Module it is considered from most important modules, that used by the designer to get the additional advantage from cad programs, which is stereotaxic drawing or three-dimensional drawing.

3. Assembly: This module is responsible for assembling the parts previously produced in Part Design, and it is most important for those who work in the field of machinery design or design in general, because it is the one who shows the inter-relationships between the parts of the machine or any mechanical establishment.

4. Drafting: This module is responsible, for converting what you see on the screen to standard engineering drawings can be traded in the workshop for manufacturing or save them for documentation.

5. Surface and Wireframe: With this module surfaces can be drawing with zero size and weight and has its uses in the aerospace, automotive, ships and mold Design.

This features-based approach offers a productive and intuitive design environment to capture and re-use design methodologies and specification. The widest application portfolio in the industry is also accessible through interoperability with CATIA V5 to enable support of the full product development process from initial concept to product in operation.

The CATIA wireframe and surface has been designed to show you how to create and edit wire frame and surface features as well as hybrid parts.

The surprise is that all of the above follows the one field which is mechanical design field, while there are other fields such as:

Analysis

Machining

Ergonomics

Each of them containing modules, even electronic circuit design, that is mean CATIA have too many modules, and it is covers almost everything you need, so I prefer to work on it more than others.

CATIA is considered as a CAM program, in addition to it is CAD program, in the meaning that you can export files to CNC machines and then manufactured, CATIA Also supports graphics from other programs such as AutoCAD, for example, it is possible to copy a drawing from AutoCAD and enter it to CATIA and then make on it CATIA operations, CATIA files can be kept with .dwg extension which is supported by AutoCAD or the default extension has.

Thank you